Pesticides Use and Misuse in Cabbage Brassica oleracea var. capitata L. (Cruciferae) Production in Ghana: The Influence of Farmer Education and Training
Blankson W. Amoabeng *
Entomology Section, Crops Research Institute, P.O.Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana
Kwesi P. Asare
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Kumasi Polytechnic, Kumasi, Ghana
Olivia P. Asare
Department of Laboratory Technology, Kumasi Polytechnic, Kumasi, Ghana
Moses B. Mochiah
Entomology Section, Crops Research Institute, P.O.Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana
Ibrahim Adama
Entomology Section, Crops Research Institute, P.O.Box 3785, Kumasi, Ghana
Ken O. Fening
Soil and Irrigation Research Centre, Kpong, School of Agriculture, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O.Box LG. 68, Accra, Ghana
Geoff M. Gurr
Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China and Fujian-Taiwan Joint Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management for Fujian-Taiwan Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou 350002, China and Graham Centre (Charles Sturt University and NSW Department of Primary Industries), Charles Sturt University, Orange, New South Wales 2800, Australia
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Global pesticides use is increasing with environmental contamination and consumer concerns over food safety reflecting this trend. A random sampling technique using a structured questionnaire was used to select 108 cabbage farmers in Ghana and were personally interviewed. The study found that most farmers had no formal education or were educated only to primary level so had limited capacity to read and understand labels of pesticides. Whilst biopesticides were popular, about 45% of the growers use synthetic insecticides in controlling pests such as diamondback moth, cabbage aphids, cabbage white butterfly, cabbage web worm and whitefly. Forty-four percent of growers do not adhere to use of the recommended rates of insecticides, because they fail to control pests effectively. Growers with formal education were more likely to adhere to the recommended application rates of pesticides. Respondents with training in agriculture, as opposed to formal education, tended not to adhere to recommended application rates. Overall, seventy-seven percent of growers did not wear any personal protective gear during chemical application and 39% had experienced at least a symptom of pesticide poisoning. Over 75% of respondents dispose of empty pesticides containers on the farm and 11% harvest their cabbage within one week after application of insecticides. Results suggest significant risks to farmers, consumers and the environment. It is expected that persistent education on the safe use of pesticides will lead to positive change in attitude of farmers.
Keywords: Pesticides, poisoning, education, training, personal protective gear